包郵 中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:第四卷:Volume IV:脊椎動(dòng)物:兩棲動(dòng)物:Vertebrates:Amphibians
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中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:第四卷:Volume IV:脊椎動(dòng)物:兩棲動(dòng)物:Vertebrates:Amphibians 版權(quán)信息
- ISBN:9787030692368
- 條形碼:9787030692368 ; 978-7-03-069236-8
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中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:第四卷:Volume IV:脊椎動(dòng)物:兩棲動(dòng)物:Vertebrates:Amphibians 本書特色
從事野生動(dòng)物研究與保護(hù)的科研人員,自然保護(hù)區(qū)、環(huán)境保護(hù)、進(jìn)出口對(duì)外貿(mào)易、檢驗(yàn)檢疫等相關(guān)各級(jí)行政管理部門,高年級(jí)研究生,**大中型圖書館。
中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:第四卷:Volume IV:脊椎動(dòng)物:兩棲動(dòng)物:Vertebrates:Amphibians 內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介
《中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:脊椎動(dòng)物 第四卷 兩棲動(dòng)物(上冊(cè))》
中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:第四卷:Volume IV:脊椎動(dòng)物:兩棲動(dòng)物:Vertebrates:Amphibians 目錄
序一 i
Foreword iii
序二 vii
Foreword II ix
總前言 xiii
Series’Foreword xix
前言 xxvii
Preface xxxi
總論 General Introduction
1兩棲動(dòng)物的演化歷史與現(xiàn)狀 2
1 Evolutionary History and Present Status of Amphibians 3
2中國(guó)兩棲動(dòng)物多樣性與保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀 10
2 Diversity and Conservation of Amphibians in China 11
3分類系統(tǒng)與評(píng)估對(duì)象 12
3 Taxonomic System and Evaluation Objects 13
4分布格局 14
4 Distribution Pattern 15
5保護(hù)狀況 20
5 Conservation Status 21
6評(píng)估過(guò)程 24
6 The Evaluation Process 25
7評(píng)估等級(jí)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 26
7 Category and Criteria 27
8建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 32
8 Building the Database 33
9初步評(píng)定 32
9 Preliminary Assessment 33
10通訊評(píng)審 34
10 Review by Correspondence 35
11形成評(píng)估報(bào)告 36
11 Formation of the Evaluation Report 37
12評(píng)估結(jié)果 36
12 Results of Evaluation 37
13受威脅狀況 36
13 Threatened Status 37
14滅絕物種分析 42
14 Analysis of Extinct Species 43
15受威脅物種分析 44
15 Analysis of Threatened Species 45
16受威脅物種省級(jí)區(qū)域分布 48
16 Distribution of Threatened Species in Provincial Region 49
17受威脅物種在不同海拔區(qū)間的分布 50
17 Distribution of Threatened Species in Altitude Gradient 51
18致危因素分析 52
18 Threats Analysis 53
19與《IUCN受威脅物種紅色名錄》比較 54
19 Compared with the IUCN Red List of Threatened (2020) Species (2020) 55
20保護(hù)成效 56
20 Conservation Achievements 57
21結(jié)束語(yǔ) 56
21 Conclusions 57
各論(上冊(cè)) Species Monograph (I)
極危CR
涼北齒蟾 62
Oreolalax liangbeiensis 62
花齒突蟾 64
Scutiger maculatus 64
小腺蛙 66
Glandirana minima 66
大鯢 68
Andrias davidianus 68
安吉小鯢 70
Hynobius amjiensis 70
掛榜山小鯢 72
Hynobius guabangshanensis 72
遼寧爪鯢 74
Onychodactylus zhaoermii 74
普雄原鯢 76
Protohynobius puxiongensis 76
金佛擬小鯢 78
eudohynobius jinfo 78
新疆北鯢 80
Ranodon sibiricus 80
呈貢蠑螈 82
Cynops chenggongensis 82
鎮(zhèn)海棘螈 84
Echinotriton chinhaiensis 84
瀕危EN
樂東蟾蜍 86
Qiongbufo ledongensis 86
海陸蛙 88
Fejervarya cancrivora 88
云南棘蛙 90
Gynandropaa yunnanensis 90
虎紋蛙 92
Hoplobatrachus chinensis 92
脆皮大頭蛙 94
Limnonectes fragilis 94
花棘蛙 96
Maculopaa maculosa 96
棘肛蛙 98
Unculuana unculuanus 98
抱龍角蟾 100
Boulenophrys baolongensis 100
紅腿角蟾 102
Boulenophrys rubrimera 102
廣西擬髭蟾 104
Leptobrachium guangxiense 104
川北齒蟾 106
Oreolalax chuanbeiensis 106
普雄齒蟾 108
Oreolalax puxiongensis 108
高山掌突蟾 110
Paramegophrys alpinus 110
三島掌突蟾 112
Paramegophrys sungi 112
金頂齒突蟾 114
Scutiger chintingensis 114
木里貓眼蟾 116
Scutiger muliensis 116
寧陜齒突蟾 118
Scutiger ningshanensis 118
平武齒突蟾 120
Scutiger pingwuensis 120
峨眉髭蟾 122
Vibrissaphora boringii 122
原髭蟾 124
Vibrissaphora promustache 124
尾突異角蟾 126
Xenophrys caudoprocta 126
墨脫異角蟾 128
Xenophrys medogensis 128
桑植異角蟾 130
Xenophrys sangzhiensis 130
海南湍蛙 132
Amolops hainanensis 132
香港湍蛙 134
Amolops hongkongensis 134
安龍臭蛙 136
Odorrana anlungensis 136
峰斑林蛙 138
Rana chevronta 138
巫溪樹蛙 140
Rhacophorus hongchibaensis 140
洪佛樹蛙 142
Rhacophorus hungfuensis 142
老山樹蛙 144
Rhacophorus laoshan 144
瑤山樹蛙 146
Rhacophorus yaoshanensis 146
阿里山小鯢 148
Hynobius arisanensis 148
中國(guó)小鯢 150
Hynobius chinensis 150
臺(tái)灣小鯢 152
Hynobius formosanus 152
觀霧小鯢 154
Hynobius fucus 154
南湖小鯢 156
Hynobius glacialis 156
貓兒山小鯢 158
Hynobius maoershanensis 158
楚南小鯢 160
Hynobius sonani 160
秦巴巴鯢 162
Liua tsinpaensis 162
寬闊水?dāng)M小鯢 164
eudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis 164
水城擬小鯢 166
eudohynobius shuichengensis 166
廣西瘰螈 168
Paramesotriton guangxiensis 168
龍里瘰螈 170
Paramesotriton longliensis 170
云霧瘰螈 172
Paramesotriton yunwuensis 172
織金瘰螈 174
Paramesotriton zhijinensis 174
大別瑤螈 176
Yaotriton dabienicus 176
海南瑤螈 178
Yaotriton hainanensis 178
易危VU
強(qiáng)婚刺鈴蟾 180
Bombina fortinuptialis 180
利川鈴蟾 182
Bombina lichuanensis 182
微蹼鈴蟾 184
Bombina microdeladigitora 184
史氏蟾蜍 186
Bufo stejnegeri 186
鱗皮小蟾 188
Parapelophryne scalpta 188
無(wú)棘溪蟾 190
Torrentophryne aspinia 190
康縣隆肛蛙 192
Feirana kangxianensis 192
太行隆肛蛙 194
Feirana taihangnica 194
東川棘蛙 196
Gynandropaa phrynoides 196
四川棘蛙 198
Gynandropaa sichuanensis 198
版納大頭蛙 200
Limnonectes bannaensis 200
隴川大頭蛙 202
Limnonectes longchuanensis 202
察隅棘蛙 204
Maculopaa chayuensis 204
錯(cuò)那棘蛙 206
Maculopaa conaensis 206
墨脫棘蛙 208
Maculopaa medogensis 208
布蘭福棘蛙 210
Paa blanfordii 210
棘臂蛙 212
Paa liebigii 212
波留寧棘蛙 214
Paa polunini 214
棘腹蛙 216
Quasipaa boulengeri 216
小棘蛙 218
Quasipaa exilispinosa 218
九龍棘蛙 220
Quasipaa jiulongensis 220
合江棘蛙 222
Quasipaa robertingeri 222
棘側(cè)蛙 224
Quasipaa shini 224
棘胸蛙 226
Quasipaa spinosa 226
多疣棘蛙 228
Quasipaa verrucospinosa 228
葉氏肛刺蛙 230
Yerana yei 230
昭平雨蛙 232
Hyla zhaopingensis 232
大花隱耳蟾 234
中國(guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄:第四卷:Volume IV:脊椎動(dòng)物:兩棲動(dòng)物:Vertebrates:Amphibians 節(jié)選
總論General Introduction 1兩棲動(dòng)物的演化歷史與現(xiàn)狀 四足動(dòng)物 (tetrapod,包括兩棲類、爬行類、哺乳類和鳥類 )起源于肉鰭魚類 (sarcopterygian),是脊椎動(dòng)物演化史上極為重要的演化事件 (Clack, 2012)。這一由水到陸的轉(zhuǎn)變所帶來(lái)的對(duì)呼吸、取食、聽覺、視覺和行為方式上的挑戰(zhàn)對(duì)脊椎動(dòng)物的身體結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響 (Brazeau and Ahlberg, 2006; Schoch, 2014)。大量實(shí)體和遺跡化石記錄的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,四足動(dòng)物起源于泥盆紀(jì)中晚期的淺水區(qū)域 (Warburton and Denman, 1961; Clack, 2012; Beznosov et al., 2019),其中,生活在泥盆紀(jì)晚期的希望螈類 (elpistostegalian,包括提克塔利克魚屬的 Tiktaalik roseae、希望螈屬的 Elpistostege watsoni和潘氏魚屬的 Panderichthys rhombolepis和 P. stolbori)具有多個(gè)過(guò)渡類型甚至具有四足動(dòng)物的標(biāo)志性骨骼特征,如寬扁的頭骨、粗壯的髖部骨骼和手指、腳趾骨等 (圖 1),被認(rèn)為是與四足動(dòng)物親緣關(guān)系*近的肉鰭魚類 (Daeschler et al., 2006; Shubin et al., 2006, 2014; Cloutier et al., 2020)。早期的四足動(dòng)物 [如著名的魚石螈屬的 Ichthyostega stensioei、(古 )棘螈屬的 Acanthostega gunnari等 ]體型較大,具有更加適應(yīng)陸地生活的結(jié)構(gòu)特征 (如粗壯的肢骨等 ),然而并不能完全脫離水生環(huán)境 (Coates and Clack, 1991; Sanchez et al., 2016; Beznosov et al., 2019)。 作為現(xiàn)生四足動(dòng)物中*為原始的類群,兩棲類具有高度分化的形態(tài)特征和多樣的發(fā)育方式 (變態(tài)發(fā)育、幼態(tài)持續(xù)發(fā)育、直接發(fā)育 ),可以 圖 1早期四足動(dòng)物 (古 )棘螈屬與部分肉鰭魚類代表 (提克塔利克魚屬、真掌鰭魚屬 )復(fù)原圖 (賈佳修改自 Shubin et al., 2014; Figs. 5, 6) Evolutionary History and Present Status of Amphibians Tetrapoda, or four-limbed vertebrates, is a clade that consists of the Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia and Aves. The tetrapods are originated from the lobe-finned fishes or sarcopterygians, which represents one of the most significant events in the evolutionary history of vertebrates (Clack, 2012). The water to land transition in living habitats along with the origin of tetrapods imposed challenging impacts on the structures and organizations of vertebrate body in a plethora of aspects, including breathing, feeding, hearing vision, and locomotion, etc. (Brazeau and Ahlberg, 2006; Schoch, 2014). Multiple discoveries of both body and trace fossils of both sarcopterygians and early tetrapods demonstrate that the origin of tetrapods occurred in shallow water environments during the Middle-Late Devonian (Warburton and Denman, 1961; Clack, 2012; Beznosov et al., 2019). Among fossil records of sarcopterygians, the elpistostegalian fishes that lived during the Late Devonian period have been widely regarded as the closest relatives of tetrapods, because several transitional or even iconic characters of tetrapods, including wide and flattened skulls, robust pelvis and presence of digits in the pectoral fin (Figure 1), have been identified in one or several members of the elpistostegalians (Daeschler et al., 2006; Shubin et al., 2006, 2014; Cloutier et al., 2020): Tiktaalik roseae, Elpistostege watsoni and two species of Panderichthys (P. rhombolepis and P. stolbovi). Early representatives of tetrapods, like the famous Ichthyostega stensioei and Acanthostega gunnari, are Figure 1 Reconstructions of representatives of early tetrapods (Acanthostega) and lobe-finned fishes (Tiktaalik and Eusthenopteron). Jia Jia modified from Shubin et al., 2014 (Figs. 5, 6) 在廣闊的棲息環(huán)境中生存 (水生、穴居、樹棲等 ),是研究四足動(dòng)物起源的重要現(xiàn)生類群 (Duellman and Trueb, 1986; Vitt and Caldwell, 2014)。傳統(tǒng)的林奈分類系統(tǒng)認(rèn)為兩棲綱包含早期的四足動(dòng)物,但是基于分支系統(tǒng)學(xué)的研究認(rèn)為兩棲綱的共同祖先起源于早期的四足動(dòng)物,并進(jìn)一步分化為已絕滅的離片椎亞綱 (Temnospondyli)、殼椎亞綱 (Lepospondyli)和現(xiàn)存的滑體兩棲亞綱 (Lissamphibia)。離片椎類因其脊椎由多部分椎體和椎弓組成而得名,是一類生活在石炭紀(jì)早期至白堊紀(jì)早期體型較大的古兩棲類;目前已發(fā)現(xiàn) 200余屬 300余種 (Schoch, 2014)。殼椎類因其脊椎結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單類似線軸狀而得名,是一類生活在石炭紀(jì)早期至二疊紀(jì)早期體型較小的四足動(dòng)物;目前發(fā)現(xiàn) 60余屬 80余種 (Schoch, 2014)。值得一提的是,殼椎亞綱的分類位置仍處于爭(zhēng)論中,并且越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)顯示殼椎類是一個(gè)并系類群 (Pardo et al., 2017a),部分殼椎類與早期四足動(dòng)物或者早期羊膜動(dòng)物親緣關(guān)系密切 (Ruta et al., 2003)。 滑體兩棲亞綱包括現(xiàn)生的三個(gè)目:蚓螈目 (Gymnophiona),有尾目 (Caudata)和無(wú)尾目 (Anura)。這三大類群的*早化石記錄均發(fā)現(xiàn)于三疊世,分別為科羅拉多晚三疊世的欽利頂螈屬 (Chinlestegophis; Pardo et al., 2017b)、馬達(dá)加斯加早三疊世的三疊蛙屬 (Triadobatrachus; Ascarrunz et al., 2016)和吉爾吉斯斯坦中晚三疊世的三疊螈屬 (Triassurus; Ivakhnenko, 1978; Schoch et al., 2020)。多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為這三大滑體兩棲類具有多個(gè)共近裔性狀 (如基座型牙齒 ),屬于一個(gè)單系類群,并于石炭紀(jì)晚期起源于離片椎類中的 dissorophoids (Milner, 1988; Ruta and Coates, 2007)。此外,也有研究認(rèn)為生活于侏羅紀(jì)中期至更新世早期已絕滅的異螈目 (Allocaudata),又稱阿爾班螈類 (Albanerpetontids),是第四類滑體兩棲動(dòng)物 (Duellman and Trueb, 1986; Matsumoto and Evans, 2018; Daza et al., 2020)。 根據(jù)世界兩棲動(dòng)物物種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) [Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference; https (2020年 8月 13日查看 )],目前已知世界現(xiàn)生兩棲動(dòng)物物種 8,209種,隸屬于 3目 49科 548屬。兩棲動(dòng)物是脊椎動(dòng)物中從水生到陸生的過(guò)渡類群,其遷移能力弱,對(duì)環(huán)境的依賴性強(qiáng),主要生活于陸地濕潤(rùn)及淡水環(huán)境,僅有極少數(shù)物種可以適應(yīng)咸水環(huán)境,如海陸蛙 (Fejervarya cancrivora)。不同類型的兩棲動(dòng)物生活于不同的生態(tài)環(huán)境中,包括不同的陸地 (平原、丘陵、山地、高原 )、水域 (水坑、水田、溝渠、沼澤、池塘、湖泊、江河、緩流和急流 )、植被 (農(nóng)作物、草地、灌叢、針葉林、闊葉林、針闊葉混交林、高山草甸 )以及不同的氣候地帶和垂直地帶 (圖 2~圖 6)。兩棲動(dòng)物在演化歷程中,經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的自然選擇適應(yīng)了多種多樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境。從生態(tài)型看,兩棲動(dòng)物有四大類型:水棲型、陸棲型、樹棲型和穴居型。兩棲動(dòng)物主要以低等無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物為食,偶見取食魚、爬行動(dòng)物、鳥類和嚙齒類。 large in body size, and have morphological traits (e.g. robust limb structures) that are more adaptable for terrestrial environments than their fish ancestors, however they are still largely aquatic (Coates and Clack, 1991; Sanchez et al., 2016; Beznosov et al., 2019). Amphibians are the most primitive group of extant tetrapods and play a significant role in understanding the origin of tetrapods (Duellman and Trueb, 1986; Vitt and Caldwell, 2014). They are highly diversified in both their morphology and life history strategies (metamorphosis, neoteny and direct development) and, therefore, can take advantage of sources from multiple kinds of liv
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