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環(huán)境專業(yè)科技英語閱讀與寫作(第二版) 版權(quán)信息
- ISBN：9787030692764
- 條形碼：9787030692764 ; 978-7-03-069276-4
- 裝幀：一般膠版紙
- 冊數(shù)：暫無
- 重量：暫無
- 所屬分類：>
環(huán)境專業(yè)科技英語閱讀與寫作(第二版) 內(nèi)容簡介
本教材涵蓋了環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語范文、科技英語閱讀方法以及寫作投稿技巧三方面內(nèi)容。采用了大量通俗易懂的科技英語范例，涉及環(huán)境化學(xué)、環(huán)境生物學(xué)、環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)、環(huán)境水力學(xué)、給排水工程、大氣污染控制以及土壤污染及治理等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境知識和前沿?zé)狳c(diǎn)環(huán)境問題及技術(shù)，為讀者了解和熟悉本專業(yè)科技英語詞匯奠定基礎(chǔ)；全面介紹了環(huán)境專業(yè)科技英語的類型、結(jié)構(gòu)及特點(diǎn)，總結(jié)說明了科技論文檢索的主要方法，詳細(xì)講解了科技論文精讀、泛讀及略讀技巧，以及如何管理和總結(jié)科技英語文獻(xiàn)，為讀者建立良好的科技英語閱讀習(xí)慣提供方法；圍繞英語科技論文成功發(fā)表的關(guān)鍵因素，從選題、立論、論文寫作步驟、專業(yè)寫作要領(lǐng)、論文投稿流程、撰寫項(xiàng)目申請等多方面，為讀者提供完整有效的科技英語寫作技巧和投稿技巧。
環(huán)境專業(yè)科技英語閱讀與寫作(第二版) 目錄
Contents
Preface—Second edition
Preface—First edition Word Box
1 Introduction of scientific research paper 1
1.1 What is science? 1
1.2 What is research? 2
1.3 What is a scientific paper? 4
1.4 The structure of scientific research paper 7
2 Scientific resource search strategy 12
2.1 Introduction of subject resources 12
2.2 Literature classification 12
2.2.1 Primary literature: the source of basic ideas 13
2.2.2 Secondary literature: the source of a specific topic 14
2.2.3 Tertiary literature 15
2.2.4 “Gray” literature 15
2.3 Steps to search the scientific literature 16
2.3.1 Retrieval methods and skills 16
2.3.2 Research tools 19
2.3.3 Databases 21
3 Reading skills for scientific literature 24
3.1 Academic reading 24
3.1.1 Vocabulary for reading comprehension 24
3.1.2 How to treat difficult sentences 27
3.1.3 Note-taking 30
3.2 Four reading skills: intensive， extensive， skimming， scanning 34
3.2.1 Intensive reading 34
3.2.2 Extensive reading 37
3.2.3 Skimming 39
3.2.4 Scanning 40
3.3 A four-step guide for reading a scientific paper 42
3.3.1 Skim the article 43
3.3.2 Put forward questions 44
3.3.3 Comprehend section by section 45
3.3.4 Conclusion and criticism 45
4 Management and summarization of references 47
4.1 Endnote 47
4.1.1 Introduction to Endnote 47
4.1.2 Creating an Endnote Library 48
4.1.3 The management of the Endnote Library 54
4.1.4 How to use endnote for paper writing 55
4.2 BibTexMng 58
4.2.1 Operation with the reference list 58
4.2.2 Operations of the records 60
4.2.3 What is BibTeX? 61
4.2.4 Format of BIB files 62
4.3 Zotero 67
4.3.1 Installation instructions 67
4.3.2 Using Zotero 68
4.3.3 Combining with word to generatebibliographies and citations 70
4.3.4 ZotFile——Advanced PDF management for Zotero 71
5 Before starting to write 74
5.1 Thinking (put forward questions， re-evaluate your data， generate ideas) 74
5.2 Preparation (choose an appropriate journal and consult the guide for authors) 75
5.3 Developing an outline (know the strategy) 76
5.4 Notes before writing 79
6 Steps to write each manuscript section 81
6.1 Title page 81
6.1.1 The title 81
6.1.2 Author names and affiliations 82
6.1.3 Highlights 82
6.1.4 Abstract 83
6.1.5 Graphical abstract 84
6.1.6 Keywords 86
6.2 The main body of the text 87
6.2.1 Introduction 87
6.2.2 Materials and Methods 99
6.2.3 Figures and Tables 104
6.2.4 Results and Discussion 116
6.2.5 Conclusions 120
6.2.6 Others 120
6.2.7 Revision 122
7 Publication of scientific manuscript 125
7.1 Where to submit 125
7.1.1 Decide early 125
7.1.2 How to find appropriate journals 126
7.2 How to submit 129
7.2.1 Basic concepts 129
7.2.2 Process of submitting 134
7.2.3 Response to editors and reviews 136
7.3 Publishing process 139
7.3.1 Copyediting process 139
7.3.2 Marking the corrections 140
7.3.3 Additions 142
8 How to use LaTex 144
8.1 Introduction to LaTex 144
8.2 The installation of LaTex 144
8.3 The basic grammar rules of LaTex 147
8.4 An example of using LaTex to write academic papers 148
References 156
Appendix 158
Example Monograph 1 159
Example Monograph 2 163
Example Monograph 3 166
Example Monograph 4 169
Example Monograph 5 172
Example Monograph 6 174
Example Article 175
Example Article 181
Example Article 189
Example Article 194
Example Article 207
Example Article 210
Example Article 219
Preface—Second edition
Preface—First edition Word Box
1 Introduction of scientific research paper 1
1.1 What is science? 1
1.2 What is research? 2
1.3 What is a scientific paper? 4
1.4 The structure of scientific research paper 7
2 Scientific resource search strategy 12
2.1 Introduction of subject resources 12
2.2 Literature classification 12
2.2.1 Primary literature: the source of basic ideas 13
2.2.2 Secondary literature: the source of a specific topic 14
2.2.3 Tertiary literature 15
2.2.4 “Gray” literature 15
2.3 Steps to search the scientific literature 16
2.3.1 Retrieval methods and skills 16
2.3.2 Research tools 19
2.3.3 Databases 21
3 Reading skills for scientific literature 24
3.1 Academic reading 24
3.1.1 Vocabulary for reading comprehension 24
3.1.2 How to treat difficult sentences 27
3.1.3 Note-taking 30
3.2 Four reading skills: intensive， extensive， skimming， scanning 34
3.2.1 Intensive reading 34
3.2.2 Extensive reading 37
3.2.3 Skimming 39
3.2.4 Scanning 40
3.3 A four-step guide for reading a scientific paper 42
3.3.1 Skim the article 43
3.3.2 Put forward questions 44
3.3.3 Comprehend section by section 45
3.3.4 Conclusion and criticism 45
4 Management and summarization of references 47
4.1 Endnote 47
4.1.1 Introduction to Endnote 47
4.1.2 Creating an Endnote Library 48
4.1.3 The management of the Endnote Library 54
4.1.4 How to use endnote for paper writing 55
4.2 BibTexMng 58
4.2.1 Operation with the reference list 58
4.2.2 Operations of the records 60
4.2.3 What is BibTeX? 61
4.2.4 Format of BIB files 62
4.3 Zotero 67
4.3.1 Installation instructions 67
4.3.2 Using Zotero 68
4.3.3 Combining with word to generatebibliographies and citations 70
4.3.4 ZotFile——Advanced PDF management for Zotero 71
5 Before starting to write 74
5.1 Thinking (put forward questions， re-evaluate your data， generate ideas) 74
5.2 Preparation (choose an appropriate journal and consult the guide for authors) 75
5.3 Developing an outline (know the strategy) 76
5.4 Notes before writing 79
6 Steps to write each manuscript section 81
6.1 Title page 81
6.1.1 The title 81
6.1.2 Author names and affiliations 82
6.1.3 Highlights 82
6.1.4 Abstract 83
6.1.5 Graphical abstract 84
6.1.6 Keywords 86
6.2 The main body of the text 87
6.2.1 Introduction 87
6.2.2 Materials and Methods 99
6.2.3 Figures and Tables 104
6.2.4 Results and Discussion 116
6.2.5 Conclusions 120
6.2.6 Others 120
6.2.7 Revision 122
7 Publication of scientific manuscript 125
7.1 Where to submit 125
7.1.1 Decide early 125
7.1.2 How to find appropriate journals 126
7.2 How to submit 129
7.2.1 Basic concepts 129
7.2.2 Process of submitting 134
7.2.3 Response to editors and reviews 136
7.3 Publishing process 139
7.3.1 Copyediting process 139
7.3.2 Marking the corrections 140
7.3.3 Additions 142
8 How to use LaTex 144
8.1 Introduction to LaTex 144
8.2 The installation of LaTex 144
8.3 The basic grammar rules of LaTex 147
8.4 An example of using LaTex to write academic papers 148
References 156
Appendix 158
Example Monograph 1 159
Example Monograph 2 163
Example Monograph 3 166
Example Monograph 4 169
Example Monograph 5 172
Example Monograph 6 174
Example Article 175
Example Article 181
Example Article 189
Example Article 194
Example Article 207
Example Article 210
Example Article 219
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環(huán)境專業(yè)科技英語閱讀與寫作(第二版) 節(jié)選
1 Introduction of scientific research paper 1.1 What is science? The word “science” is from the Latin word “scientia”， which means “knowledge”. When we speak of science， we usually mean a way of understanding the world through thought and experiment or describe the efforts to understand how the universe works through scientific methods. Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge based on testable explanations and predictions about the universe. In ancient times， “science” referred to this body of knowledge itself. In classical antiquity， science was a type of knowledge that was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern period， the word “science” and “philosophy of nature” were sometimes used interchangeably. Science was considered as a branch of philosophy until the 19th century. In modern usage， “science” is not only the knowledge itself， but also the process of pursuing knowledge. With the passage of time， the word “science” has become increasingly associated with the scientific method itself， as a way to study the natural world. Since the 19th century， the term scientist has been applied to those who sought the knowledge and understanding of nature. Generally， the word “science” means natural science. However， there are many recognized science fields: social science， applied science， formal science， and others. Modern science can be roughly divided into the natural sciences， which study the material world; social science， which studies human behavior and society; and formal science like mathematics and statistics. Formal science is often excluded， as these studies do not depend on empirical observations. From the descriptions above， it is obvious that “science” refers to knowledge that is reduced to an algorithmic system， not involving the need for indescribable skills， such as fine arts. To understand the world by describing and explaining natural phenomenon， which we call “science”， scientists make empirical observations， followed by a series of steps， to perform scientific research. Steps of the scientific method in general scientific research are as follows: Making general observations is the first step in the scientific method. From what is observed， you may gain some ideas and put forward questions from which you could make a prediction on what the outcome might be. Your prediction， however， may or may not be right. So you must test different alternatives to your idea so that your answer is not biased. However， often you cannot directly test an idea or a theory. For example， you cannot test the theory of evolution， because evolution is a theory that is intangible. So， the question derived from your idea needs to be turned into a hypothesis that can be tested. For example， we all know that artificial heating in a city， regenerators like buildings and roads， and the decrease of green space induce the urban heat island (UHI) effect. We can test the hypothesis that the UHI effect is affected by many factors such as underlying surface， air pollution， and human migration， through studies. If the hypothesis is supported by the result of the studies， the hypothesis can be used to support the original idea. Thus， if the study shows that different kinds of underlying surfaces result in different levels of UHI effect， we can consider the underlying surface as a factor of UHI effect. Without hypothesis testing， ideas about nature and technique (e.g. hemispherical dome cosmology) are mere observations or speculations that any person can make. As a scientist， you cannot make a conclusion or claim based on your intuition， unqualified speculation， or emotion. Using these to explain something is not very convincing， and consequently would not be scientific. Science therefore requires gathering evidence to explain natural phenomenon. 1.2 What is research? The word “research” derives from the Middle French “recherché”， which means “to go about seeking”. The term itself is derived from the Old French term “recerchier”， a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier”， or “searcher”， meaning “search”. Research has been defined in a variety of different ways. Shuttleworth and Wilson (2008) gave a broad definition of research: “In the broadest sense of the word， the definition of research includes any gathering of data， information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.” Creswell (2011) states that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.” Research includes three steps: ① pose a question， ② collect data to answer the question， and ③ present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experiment aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts， revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts， or practical
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